About this data. There is no single official census of Americans living abroad - the U.S. does not require citizens to register a foreign address, so every figure here is an estimate. Country-level population figures are compiled from U.S. State Department / Federal Voting Assistance Program data, national statistics agencies (including the UK Home Office, Germany's Destatis, Australia's ABS, Spain's INE, and Portugal's AIMA), U.S. Department of Homeland Security records, and Pew Research Center / Migration Policy Institute / IRS foreign-address analyses, current as of 2024–2025. The oft-cited 5.5 million total for all Americans abroad comes from the Association of Americans Resident Overseas (AARO), based on 2023–2024 research combining UN, U.S., and foreign census data. Because underlying methodologies differ by country, treat these figures as directional rather than exact, and note that U.S. territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands) are excluded since residents there are not living abroad for U.S. tax purposes.